Q. Who is known as the Father of Indian Cinema?
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Notes: Answer: Dadasaheb Phalke Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (Dadasaheb Phalke, 1870-1944) is known as the Father of Indian Cinema. He made Raja Harishchandra (1913), India's first full-length mythological feature film, marking the beginning of Indian cinema. Phalke produced 94 feature films and 27 shorts over 19 years. He was born in a Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin family and trained in art, photography, and printing. He learned filmmaking techniques in London in 1912, founded Phalke Films Company, and used trick photography learned from a German magician. His early films featured male actors in female roles due to social norms; Durgabai Kamat and her daughter Kamlabai Gokhale were the first women actors in Indian cinema (Mohini Bhasmasur, 1913). Phalke's Lanka Dahan (1917) featured the first dual role in Indian cinema by Anna Salunke. Despite early success, Phalke struggled financially during WWI and faced resistance from financiers and social beliefs against photography. He declined offers to produce films abroad, preferring to work in India. Phalke's only sound film was Gangavataran (1937); he retired thereafter. The Dadasaheb Phalke Award, instituted in 1969, is India's highest film honor. His life was depicted in the Marathi film Harishchandrachi Factory (2009), India's official Oscar entry.