Q. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

1. Alexander von Humboldt – Pioneer of scientific geography; authored "Kosmos"
2. Carl Ritter – Advocated "geography as the study of Earth's influence on man"
3. Friedrich Ratzel – Proposed Environmental Determinism & "Lebensraum"
4. Charles Lyell – Developed the "Heartland Theory" of geopolitics

Select the correct option using the codes below:
Answer: Only 1, 2 and 3
Notes: Alexander von Humboldt pioneered scientific geography and wrote "Kosmos." Carl Ritter viewed geography as the study of Earth’s influence on man. Friedrich Ratzel formulated Environmental Determinism and the concept of "Lebensraum." The Heartland Theory, however, was developed by Halford Mackinder, not Charles Lyell, who was a geologist.