Q. Which of the following are two active Indian research stations at Antarctica?
Answer: Maitri and Bharati
Notes: India has two permanent research stations in Antarctica, which are:

1. Maitri: Maitri is located in the Schirmacher Oasis, which is on the eastern side of the continent. It was established in 1989 and serves as a base for research in the fields of earth, atmospheric, and life sciences.
2. Bharati: Bharati is located on the Larsemann Hills, which is on the eastern coast of Antarctica. It was established in 2012 and serves as a base for research in the fields of earth, atmospheric, and life sciences, as well as for logistic support.

Both Maitri and Bharati are managed by the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), which is an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Earth Sciences in India. The NCAOR coordinates and conducts scientific research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, as well as in the Arctic region. Dakshin Gangotri was a former Indian research station in Antarctica, which was established in 1983 and operated until 1989. It was located on the western coast of the continent, near the base of the Thwaites Glacier. Dakshin Gangotri served as a base for research in the fields of earth, atmospheric, and life sciences, as well as for logistic support. It was decommissioned in 1989 and was replaced by the Maitri research station, which was established in the same year. Himadri is a research station in the Arctic region, which is located on Svalbard, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean that is administered by Norway.

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