Q. Non-excludable and non-rivalrous are characteristics of which of the following types of goods?
Answer: Public goods
Notes: In economics, a good or service is called excludable if it is possible to prevent people (consumers) who have not paid for it from having access to it. A good is considered non-rivalrous or non-rival if, for any level of production, the cost of providing it to a marginal (additional) individual is zero. A public good is a product that one individual can consume without reducing its availability to another individual, and from which no one is excluded. Economists refer to public goods as "nonrivalrous" and "no excludable." National defense, sewer systems, public parks and other basic societal goods can all be considered public goods. For example, if a person does not pay his taxes, he still benefits from the government's provision of national defense by free riding on the tax payments of his fellow citizens. A dam is another example of a public good.

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