Q. Consider the following seismic waves:
  1. Primary waves
  2. Secondary waves
  3. Rayleigh waves
  4. Love waves
Which of the above are classified as surface waves?

Answer: Only 3 and 4
Notes: Rayleigh waves and Love waves (statements 3 and 4) are surface waves that travel along the Earth's surface and are responsible for most ground shaking during earthquakes. In contrast, Primary (P) and Secondary (S) waves (statements 1 and 2) are body waves that travel within the Earth's interior rather than along its surface.