Q. In which of the following cases, the SC held that the expression ‘procedure established by law’, the Constitution, has embodied the British concept of personal liberty rather than the American ‘due process’?
Answer: AK Gopalan Case (1950)
Notes: Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Life and Right to Personal Liberty, deemed essential to fundamental rights. It ensures a dignified life, encompassing various rights, including: - Right to live with dignity - Right to a pollution-free environment - Right to livelihood - Right to privacy - Right to shelter - Right to health - Right to free education up to 14 years - Right to free legal aid - Right against solitary confinement - Right to a speedy trial - Right against handcuffing - Right against inhuman treatment - Right against delayed execution - Right to travel abroad - Right against bonded labor - Right against custodial harassment - Right to emergency medical aid - Right to timely medical treatment - Right to a fair trial - Right to necessities for prisoners - Right for women to be treated with dignity - Right against public hanging - Right to a hearing - Right to information - Right to reputation - Right to appeal convictions - Right to social security and family protection - Right to social and economic justice - Right to life insurance - Right to sleep - Right to freedom from noise pollution - Right to electricity.