Q. Consider the following medieval provincial kingdoms:

1. Bahmani Kingdom
2. Malwa Sultanate
3. Gujarat Sultanate
4. Khandesh Sultanate

How many of the above kingdoms were founded primarily by former Tughluq officials or nobles following the decline of central authority?
Answer: All four
Notes: All four kingdoms were established by former Tughluq officials or nobles after the weakening of the central Tughluq power. Bahmani Kingdom was founded by Alauddin Bahman Shah, a Tughluq centurion; Malwa by Dilawar Khan Ghori, the Tughluq governor; Gujarat by Zafar Khan, appointed governor by the Tughluqs; and Khandesh by Malik Raja, a commander under Feroz Shah Tughluq.