Q. Consider the following electoral systems:

1. Direct Election on the basis of Adult Suffrage
2. Proportional Representation by means of single transferable Vote
3. List system of Proportional Representation
4. Cumulative System of Indirect Elections

Which among the above are adopted in various elections in India?
Answer: 1 and 2
Notes: Option 1 and 2 are the systems adopted in various elections in India. The first, Direct Election on the basis of Adult Suffrage, implies that every adult citizen has the right to vote, without discrimination. The second, Proportional Representation by means of single transferable Vote, is a system where voters rank candidates in order of preference, and these preferences are used to allocate seats proportionally. Options 3 and 4, though used in other parts of the world, do not form part of India's electoral framework.