1. Types of Banking

Various Types of Banking are as follows:

Branch Banking

Branch banking involves business of banking via branches. The branches are set up under Section 23 of Banking Regulations Act, 1949. A branch should cater to all banking services and include a specialized branch,  a satellite office, an extension counter, an ATM, administrative office, service branch and a credit card centre for the purpose of branch authorization policy. The advantage of branch banking is that it helps in better management, more inclusion and risk diversification.  The disadvantage of branch banking is that it might encourage outside local influences.

Unit Banking

Unit banking is a system of banking which originated in US. It is a limited way of banking where banks operate only from a single branch (or a few branches in the same area) taking care of local community. In comparison to branch banking, the size of unit banks is very small. Due to small size and due to unit structure; the decision making in unit banks is very fast . The management in unit banks enjoy more autonomy and more discretionary powers. However, due to single units, the risk is not distributed or diversified.

Mixed Banking

Mixed Banking is the system in which banks undertake activities of commercial and investment banking together .  These banks give short-term and long-term loans to industrial concerns.  The banks appoint experts which give valuable advice on various financial issues and also help gauge the financial health of companies. Industries don’t have to run to different places for differential financial needs. They thus promote rapid industrialization. They may however pose a grave threat to liquidity of a bank and lead to bad debts.

Chain Banking

Chain banking system refers to the type of banking when a group of persons come together to own and control three or more independently chartered banks.  Each of these banks could maintain their independent existence despite common control and ownership. The banks in the chains were assigned specific functions so there was no loss of profits and overlapping of interests.

Retail Banking

Retail banking means banking where transactions are held directly with customers and there are no transactions with other banks or corporations. The banks provide all kinds of personal banking services to customers like saving accounts, transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit and credit cards etc.

It has provided immense benefits to customers who ultimately become loyal customers due to benefits like wide interest spreads, diversified credit risks and stability. However, due to increasing use of new technology, the operational costs for banks have gone up considerably.

Wholesale Banking

Wholesale banking involves banking services for high net-worth clients like corporate, commercial banks, mid-size companies etc. India has a suitable investment climate and is seen as a favoured investment destination so it has a huge potential for the growth of this vertical of banking. It provides an ease of access to the complete financial portfolio of a client who can easily browse through the same and make suitable allocations, transfers etc.

It can be equally risky for a firm if all the funds are parked in one place only and there is no diversification of risks.

Relationship Banking

Relationship banking is a banking system in which banks make deliberate efforts to understand customer needs and offer him products accordingly.

• It helps banks to gather critical soft information about the borrowers, which helps them to determine creditworthiness of such clients.
• Clients too often become responsible and avoid moral hazard behavior.
• However, the banks may discourage borrowers to invest in high risk projects.
• Clients can often renegotiate their loan terms and hence result in inefficient investments for banks.

Correspondent Banking

Correspondent banking prevalent in over 200 countries is a profitable way of doing business by banks in foreign countries in which they don’t have physical presence or limited operational permissions. Correspondent banks thus act as banking agent for a home bank and provides various banking services to customers where otherwise the home bank does not operate.

• It helps customers to perform banking operations at ease even in places where their banks don’t have physical presence.
• Customers stay loyal to such banks as they get excellent customer service even ...

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