Q. In which year, Shah Jahan defeated the Portuguese near Hughli?
Answer: 1632 A.D.
Notes: In 1632, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan defeated the Portuguese near Hughli, who had abused trading privileges and engaged in piracy. The Portuguese had a fortified settlement in Hughli since 1579. Shah Jahan's campaign aimed to enforce customs duties and counter local conversions to Christianity. The victory resulted in the capture of the Portuguese fort and the liberation of enslaved Indians, asserting Mughal control over European powers in India.